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In Turchia, l'antica arte di tessere i tappeti si trasmette di generazione in generazione.
Originariamente, i tappeti servivano a scaldare e decorare le case. Facevano parte delle doti delle spose e delle donazioni alle moschee.
Abbiamo due tipi di tappeti : i tappeti annodati e i kilim che invece hanno fili verticali ( ordito ) e orizzontali ( trama ).
Un tappeto si compone di tre parti: l'ordito, la trama e i nodi.
L'ordito è costituito dai fili verticali; la trama, che dà compattezza al tappeto, dai fili orizzontali. I nodi sono costituiti dai fili annodati all'ordito, successivamente livellati con le forbici.
Esistono quattro diversi tipi di lavorazione, tutti effettuati a mano:
-Il kilim viene decorato per lo più con motivi ancestrali. Il passaggio tra un colore e l'altro produce un taglio nel tessuto che è la caratteristica dei kilim. I tappeti antichi e talvolta anche quelli moderni sono reversibili.
-Il cicim ( giagim) è un tipo di lavorazione generalmente usato per borse o cuscini. A prima vista sembra un tessuto compatto e ricamato. In realtà, il rilievo caratteristico del cicim viene raggiunto attraverso l'avvolgimento dei fili orizzontali intorno a due o tre fili dell'ordito.
-Il sumak è un tessuto composto da fili orizzontali di diversi colori intrecciati a uno a uno ai fili verticali. Contrariamente al kilim, il sumak e il cicim non presentano i tagli.
L'hali ( tappeto a punti annodati ) è facilmente riconoscibile dal velluto. E'composto da file di nodi stretti tra due fili orizzontali ( le trame ) tramite un pettine ( kirkit ). Succesivamente, i nodi vengono livellati con le forbici.
I nodi possono essere di tipo turco ( nodi doppi o gordes ) o persiano ( nodi semplici o senneh ).
In Turchia si vendono molti tappeti stranieri, ma quelli di origine turca sono dotati di una gamma particolarmente vivace di colori. Gran parte dei tappeti annodati e dei kilim in vendita sono nuovi o quasi nuovi; quelli antichi sono più rari e molto più costosi.
Tinture e motivi:
 Un tempo le tessitrici utilizzavano solo tinture vegetali, mentre oggi fanno sempre più ricorso a quelle chimiche.
Tuttavia, in alcune regioni è in atto un ritorno all'uso delle tinture vegetali, il rizoma di robbio ( Rubia tinctorum ) permette, per esempio, di ottenere diverse sfumature di rosso, mentre dal mallo di rocce si ricava il marrone. Dal tamarindo si ottiene il giallo, dall'indaco l'azzurro, dalla menta selvatica il grigio, dall'hennè l'arancione, dai licheni il verde ecc.
Gli esperti riescono a individuare la provenienza del tappeto a secondo della scelta di colori e motivi. Un tappeto è il riflesso inequivocabile del villaggio dov'è stato fabbricato.
I motivi che si trovano sui tappeti turchi sono geometrici e stilizzati. Esistono dalla notte dei tempi e spesso possiedono un significato. Così come la tradizione orale, i motivi dei tappeti, speciali quelli del kilim, sono un mezzo di trasmissione della memoria collettiva tra generazioni. Essi portano i segni delle antiche civiltà anatoliche e dell'Asia centrale, trasmessi dai nomadi emigrati da quest'ultima regione.
La " Donna con le mani sui fianchi " è simbolo della fecondità femminile, le " Teste d'uccello in posizioni capovolte " sono ying e yang, " L'Albero della vita " è un simbolo antico, il "Mirhab", la nicchia verso la quale ci si volge per la preghiera.
Occhio, scorpione e serpente servono a esorcizzare il male, la testa del toro rappresenta la fecondità maschile e la spiga di grano quella della natura. Le rose e i tulipani ( fiori originali dell'Anatolia ) appaiano frequentemente nei tappeti turchi.
Il significato di numerosi motivi resta comunque ignoto, non cercate dunque di sapere ogni cosa e accettate anche questa parte di mistero nell'arte dei tappeti.
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ZONA DI FABBRICAZIONE DEI TAPPETI NELLA TURCHIA OCCIDENTALE
L'industria dei tappeti turca si concentra in diverse aree di produzione, sotto elencate.
I disegni sono moltissimi e di origine tribale e permettono all'acquirente esperto,
di identificarne la provenienza.
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TAPPETI ANNODATI KILIM ANNODATI E KILIM
1) Hereke 11) Denizli 13) Konya
2) Canakkale 12) Usak
3) Ayvacik
4) Bergama
5) Yuntdag
6) Balikesir
7) Sindirgi
8) Milas
9) Antalya
10) Isparta
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I tipi principali di nodi dei tappeti fatti a mano
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Il nodo persiano, detto anche Senneh, asimmetrico, risulta più adatto ai disegni curvilinei.
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Il nodo turco denominato anche Ghiordes è simmetrico.
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I tipi principali di nodi dei tappeti fatti a mano
Il nodo persiano, detto anche Senneh, asimmetrico, risulta più adatto ai disegni curvilinei.
Il nodo turco denominato anche Ghiordes è simmetrico.
Rag Scale
Up to 500 Knots per sq. dm (30 per sq. in.) = very coarse
500-1000 knots per sq. dm (30-60 per sq. in.) = coarse
1000-2000 knots per sq. dm (60-130 per sq. in.) = medium fine
2000-2500 knots per sq. dm (130-160 per sq. in.) = fine
2500-4500 knots per sq. dm (160-290 per sq. in.) = very fine
Over 4500 knots per sq. dm (290 per sq. in.) = extremely fine
Pile: The dimensions of the wrap and weft yarns determine the length and breadth of a carpet and the density of its structure indirectly influence the pile.
Pile is generally sheep? wool; it is also less frequently made of camel or goat hair.
Kurk wool: This is the finest quality wool, which is obtained from the neck of young sheep. It is especially rich in fat content, making it very soft to the touch.
Eccovi un mini glossario dei disegni posti nei tappeti orientali
Banda - Motivo ornarnentale di origine arcaica:bastone da fuoco ,verga ruotante per accendere il fuoco spesso di legno di sambuco. I simboli dell'acqua e del fuoco si trovano frequentemente accomunati fra loro.
Bakhtiari - Un gruppo nomade della persia del sud che migra fra le montagne centrali di Zagros e le zone montagnose intorno a Ahvaz; in comune con il Lurs parlano un dialetto persiano con le caratteristiche archaic. Inoltre sono depositate in villaggi numerosi in una zona larga ad est delle montagne intorno a Shahr Kord.
Beshir - Tappeti con grande varietà di disegni prodotti nell'area di Bokhara e spesso i tappeti principali hanno al centro il tipico gol Beshir, chiamato ai-gol (gol della luna) e di solito lo si trova ripetuto nei quattro angoli .Lo Rijar, è la tipica tessitura impiegata soprattutto nel territorio di Bijar. Per ottenere una struttura resistente vengono inseriti fili di trama particolarmente robusti (normalmente tre)mentre il nodo adottato e quello turco.
Bordo a calice e fronda di quercia - chiamato anche bordura a bicchiere di vino, bordo a calici e foglie seghettate ecc. (denominazioni date dai compratori europei). Forse ha la stessa origine del bordo turcomanno Ak-Gyra, dove compaiono alternativamente delle tende.
Bordjalu - Stile georgiano di kazakh è un tipo di coperta kurdish scura.
Cane - Motivo dal contenuto simbolico di protezione contro ogni male. Si trova soprattutto nei tappeti dei nomadi.
Cane che corre - Motivo di bordura nei tappeti dei nomadi, più raro nei tappeti persiani a concezione floreale e vien detto anche motivo "a greca".
Cipresso - Antico motivo comune a molte provenienze, soprattutto nei tappeti da giardino e da preghiera ed è il simbolo di immortalità.
Disegni protettivi - Segni magici dei più svariati, soprattutto simboli a forma d'occhio per difendere dal malocchio e profili uncinati come protezione contro le forze avverse.
Egira - Fuga di Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622 d.C.
Fatima - Figlia prediletta di Maometto spesso viene simbolizzato con la famosa "Mano di Fatima" che è un motivo usato soprattutto nei tappeti da preghiera musulmana.
Fiore del Profeta - Motivo costituito dal fiore e dalla pianta dell'hennè diviso in cinque parti. Spesso anche variato e stilizzato.
Ghiordes - Tipo di nodo detto anche "nodo turco" che tuttavia si esegue anche in Persia soprattutto nei tappeti dei nomadi, ma anche nelle manifatture urbane.
Herati - Un disegno di pesci che si ripete durante il campo di un tappeto.
Indaco - Colorante azzurro ottenuto dalla pianta indigofera con un procedimento complesso,perciò caro.
Giufti - Nodo avvolto su due e talvolta su tre coppie di fili dell'ordito. Si trova nei tappeti commerciali della Persia orientale e di altre provenienze.
Kurk - Lana di ottima qualità
Losanga quadripartita - è un segno rituale ad effetto magico.
Melograno - Motivo ornamentale, simbolo di fertilità e ricchezza. In natura, colorante per le tonalità dal giallo al marrone.
Ornamento Kasa-Kalkan - Significa scudo arcuato; un motivo maestoso dei popoli della steppa centroasiatica. Frequente tra i Kirghisi. Fa parte dell'antico patrimonio di disegni delle tribù turche.
Protomi di animali - Parte anteriore di un animale. Nell'arte antica spesso si rappresentavano solo il busto e la testa di un animale, di frequente anche più animali uniti tra loro.
Qum – è la città santa più antica dell'Islam sciita, i cui slanciati minareti si stagliano numerosi contro il ciclo. L'annodatura dei tappeti è un'attività recente e risale agli anni Venti, per iniziativa di alcuni mercanti di Kashan.
Rosetta= Motivo ornamentale classico universalmente diffuso in diverse configurazioni, dai disegni rigidamente astratti a quelli finemente elaborati come motivo centrale, come disegno delle bordure principali fino alle piccole rosette dei bordi secondari.
Senneh= Il tipo di nodo più usato insieme al nodo Ghiordes; detto anche "nodo persiano" o nodo "asimmetrico".
Turco= altro nome del nodo "Ghiordes"
Uccello rosso del sole=S'intende la fenice (in egiziano Benu) simbolo di Ra, Dio del sole. Nei tappeti caucasici appare in diverse deformazioni con o senza draghi.
Vaso= Antico motivo ornamentale che risale allo Shah Abbas, d'aspetto multiforme, ricopre spesso tutto il fondo del tappeto (tappeto a vasi).
Wagirch= Modello di tappeto che serve da guida per l'annodatura con motivi, disegni, colori, e varianti sia del campo che della bordura.
Yomut= Ceppo turcornanno segnalato per la prima volta nella storia nel XVI secolo. S'e diviso in due tribù principali e numerose sottotribù, le prime si sono dirette verso Gorgan e le rive del Mar Caspio, le altre verso nord. E' interessante il motivo a barche delle loro bordure principali che si ritrova anche oltre il Mar Caspio, nella regione caucasica del Mogan.
Zeii-i-sultan, disegno= Motivo persiano a vasi o a bouquet con uccelli, disposti di solito in una composizione modulare continua su un tappeto a fondo chiaro.
Alphabetical Index of Terminology
Abrash: An unexpected color variation in the field of a carpet.
Amoghli Abd-ol-Mohammad Amoghli, and Ali Khan Amoghli were workshops with owners from Mashad
Azarbaijan: North west Persia is occupied by the fertile vast province of Azarbaijan
Armenestan: Located in north of Azarbaijan
Arjmand: Mohammad Arjmand Kermani was one of the Artizanswork shop owners in Kerman
Afghanestan: This country is located at northern east of Persia
Animal carpet:
Afshan: In this design all the components and forms are joined and linked together as if the painter pen has never ceased its movements from beginning to the end of sketch. Well known patterns in this group are:
Afshan shah Addasi
Afsan bouquet of flower
Afshan Gol Farang
Ahmadi: Doctor Abd-ol Ali Ahmadi, A workshop owner in Birjand
Allover: An endless repeat of a design
Arak: Located in central area of Iran
Archang: Ahmad Archang was one of the famous designers of Isfahan.
Aela Baft: A contemporary designer, and maker of Persian carpets from Tabriz
Argemand: An artist and designer from the Kerman area
Arabesque or Eslimi: Abstract circular branches of a tree amidst leaves are the basic form of this design
Afshar: These people live between Shiraz, Kerman and Yazd. Styles are usually geometric rhomboid, rectangular, hexagon, and octagons. In their designs they use rosettes, paisley, and animal figures. The knots are Turkish.
Atiyeh: Atiyeh Borous corporation in Kerman
Abadeh: An area half way between Isfahan and Shiraz. This area has 3 basic patterns: Maharamaty, Keibatlu, and Zil-i-Sultan. Knots are generally made in the Persian style.
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B
Bahadori: Isa Bahadori was one of the workshop owners of Isfahan
Bijar: An area famous for patterns of Medallions, Boteh, Herati, and Minakhany in endless repeats. Knots are Turkish.
Borchalu: A town located between Hamedan and Arak. Their patterns are floral, with or without, a Medallion. Knots are both Turkish and Persian.
Birjand: A town located on the caravan route between Meshad and Zahedan. Endless repeat patterns are common and carpets are woven in Persian knot style.
Bibi Baft: Made by expert women of Baktiary tribe
Baluch: Baluchi tribes did not weave pile carpets till 19 century. It is believed that pile carpet weaving was taught to the Baluch tribes by the Turkamans. Their patterns are mostly geometric and the knots are Persian.
Bakhtiari: The center of Bakhtiari weaving is in south-east of Isfahan in Shahr-Kurd. Patterns include the garden carpets with their floral and trendy field compartments. The knots are Turkish.
Bandy-luzi design
Bandy-keshti
Baku: A city in northern Azarbaijan This city is now part of the USRR
Bakhshaish: Small village near Heriz. These carpets are made with Turkish knot.
Boteh or Botteh: The abstract form of cypress tree common in both Indian, and Persian patterns. Leaf or pear-shape motif. Also commonly know as Paisley.
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C
Carpet
Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari: The provinces of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari are two different zones joined together. These areas are located between the Zagros Montains . From Khozestan to the Zagros Mountains is called Baktiari, from Zargoz to Isfahan is called Chahar-Mahal.
Centeral Persia
ChiChi: A city in Northern Azerbaijan
Cotton: The cotton fibers are used to weave the wefts and the wraps of carpets.
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D
Directional rugs: Are rugs that can be viewed in one particular direction.
Dhurrie: A reversible flat-weave rug usually made in India
Dorokhsh: A town near Mashad
Derakhty: Tree design
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E
Eravan: An area in northern Azerbaijan
Esfahan: A city in central Iran
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F
Farsh: Persian name for carpet
Farahan: These patterns are divers, the knots are mainly Turkish, sometimes they use Persian knots. This area contains many villages in carpet industry: Lilihan, Mushkabad, Mahallat, Saruq, Saruq-Mir, Seaband –Mir, Sultanabad, Viss, etc.
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G
Garden design: This design is based on formal gardens of ancient Persia. They are dated to 17-18 century, and are most closely associated with Kerman weavers.
Ghereh: Means Knot in Farsi
Genje or Kirovabad: Is a city in Azarbaijan on the Gyandzha river.
Geometric
Garden tile or Kheshti:
Gelim: Persian term for a tapestry- woven rug or cover in flat weave style.Textail without pile.
Soumakh
Dhurrie
Jajim
Gharebaghy: A famous carpet designer from Tabriz
Ghalicheh: Small carpet
Ghaly: large carpet
Gabbeh: is one kind of rug produced by Lor Tribsman of Fars Provence. They are usually made of non-dyed yarn.
Amalehbaft
Kashkooli
Loribaft
Goltug: A city in Kurdestan
Gol-Farangy: Designed with figures of rose flowers
Goldony: Vase design
Gombady: Dome of mosque Design
Gazvin: A city in central Iran
Gombadi-i-qabus: Small town in the north- east of Iran near U.S.R.R.
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H
Haivan-dar: Design with animal figures
Heriz: Geometric center medallion. Knots are Turkish.
Herati design: Drives its name from the city Harat which was part of Persia till last century but is now part of Afghanistan. The design is generally composed of a single floral head, within a diamond framework flanked by four outwardly curling leaves. These designs are seen in carpets from Khorasan, Kurdestan, Azarbaijan, and Hamedan. A Sub-pattern of this design is Mahi design
Haji-Jalily: A famous Artist in carpet design from Tabriz
Habibian: A carpet designer from Naine
Hamedan: A city in Kurdistan of Iran
Hashtrud: City in Northern Iran
Hozi: A design including water reservoirs
Hendesy: Geometric
Habibian: a famous designer from Naine area
Hunting scenery design: This design depicts hunting with human figures usually on horseback or with predatory animals pursuing their prey amidst the fertile undergrowth of various plant life.
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I
Injlas: This is a village in the Southeast of Hamedan that is inhibited by Turkish tribes. Patterns include endless repeats of Herati, and mir-i-boteh. Knots are Turkish.
Isfahan: This city is located in heart of Persia. Patterns are numerous. Knots are high quantity, fine, and in the Persian style made of Kurk wool or silk.
Interconnected design or Bandi: When a small portion of a design is repeated and connected through out the carpet patterns of this design are
Bandi Varamin or Mina-Kani
Bandi Eslimi
Bandi Mollah Nasreddin
Bandi Cartoushe
Bandi Shakh Gazvini )Mostophy)
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J
Jajim: Pattern produced by a combination of weft-float brocading, soumak weft-wrapping and carpet- knotting on a wrap-faced plain weave ground.
Jozan: A city in Kurdestan
Joshagan: This town is about 70 miles along the road from Isfahan to Qum. The influence of Herati weavers is unmistakable. The Knots are Persian.
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K
Kurdish: From Kurdistan decent.
Kerman-Lavar ( Ravar): Ravar is a weaving center northeast of Kerman. Knots are made in Persian style with a high concentration. Patterns are very diverse including floral and pictorial styles
Karadja or Karaja: This is the Caucasian style of carpet making with hooked hexagons and Turkish knots.
Kelardasht: This village is close to the Caspian Sea, with Caucasian style used in their reciprocal turreted boarders, rosettes, and hooked ornaments. Knots are Turkish.
Khorassan, or Khorasan: North east of Iran
Khamshe: South central area of Iran occupied by Afshar, and Qashkai tribes
Knot: weft thread passed around wraps and tied to produce piles.
Ghiordes or Turkish knot- the thread wrapped around two wraps with the end brought up between the wraps and pulled tight to produce a symmetric knot.
Senneh or Persian knot- the thread passed under one wrap and over the adjacent one, with one end brought up between the two, to produce an asymmetrical knot.
Kashan: Located in the proximity of Isfahan and Tehran. Patterns are diverse and the Knots are condense Persian.
Komeili: Mola Samade Komeili was one of the workshop owners of Birjand.
Kurdestan
Kurdish: Patterns are simple with charm, and knots are Turkish.
Kurk or Kork: This term refers to the soft wool that grows close to the skin of the sheep. It is the principle element of fine and expensive carpets.
Kilim
Kermanshah: A city in Kurdestan
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L
Lachak-torange: Medallion with corners
Lavar,or Ravar: A village near Kerman
Lillihan: A village in Arak area occupied with Armenians
La: Number of threads in wefts
Lori design: Geometrical design with Turkish knots.
Lorestan: Area in centeral Iran
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M
Malayer: Segmented star medallions filled with Botehs, Palmattes, and Rosettes. Knots are Turkish
Makhmalbaf: Mohammad Ebrahim Makhmalbaf workshop owner in Mashad
Medallion: Center piece usually of flower figures of carpet
Mehraban: City in Kurdistan, and also a city in Azarbaijan
Mazlaghan: These rugs are the most unusual products of Hamedan. Sometimes they are offered as Mosul, or Kerdar carpets. In these carpets both Turkish and Persian Knots are used.
Mehabad
Musaic
Mekhmal-Baft
Mahi
Minakhani
Meshkin-shahr: These patterns are polygons hooked diamonds and lozenges. Knots are Turkish.
Moher-dar
Medallion corner
Meshad: This town is the largest weaving center of north-east Persia. The styles of these carpets are filigree drawings of many small floral ornaments. It is very common to have borders drawn in the same style of the field.
Mud: Mud carpets are made in Meshed style, and are among the best carpets made in Kourasan. These carpets are finely woven in the Persian knot style. There style is most commonly the multi-lobe medallion and endless repeats of Herati or Boteh design.
Mashayekhy: Designer of Herati motif. He originally worked is Sarab Azarbaijan, and later moved to the Arak-Sultan Abad area. He has a certain style to his work.
Mushk-Abad
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N
Nain: Lies 150 kilometers east of Isfahan. Most designs are taken from Isfahan carpets, but the color palates are specific to this region. Knots are delicate and Persian.
Niriz, or Neiriz: This town is situated on the east of Shiraz at lake Bakhtegan . Patterns are similar to Afshary rugs. The knots are Persian.
Now-baran
Nomadic: Nomadism is primarily associated with adoption to environmental conditions.
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P
Panel design: The field of carpet in this design is divided by some lateral panel, and carpet looks just like a chess-board
Persia: Iran
Prayer design: The inspiration of this design is prayer niche in the mosque
Pictorial: In this design, political officials, portraits, landscapes, and paintings are depicted.
Pakistan
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Q
Qalichi: Haj Ali Akbar Qalich, and Haj Mirza Ali Asghar Qalichi : workshop owners in Tabriz
Qum: Is located on the east of the Dasht-i-Kavir salt desert, lying 100 miles south of Tehran. Carpets are mainly made of silk, and the knots are Persian.
Qashquli
Qashqai: The name Qashqai is from Jani Agha Qashqai, a Lieutenant of Shah Abbas The Great, who was given authority over the various tribes of Fars by Shah Abdas The Great. These groups of people include the nomadic Pastoralists of the Fars Province. They are divided to two groups: Kakhi Qashqais with a sedentary life style, and the Bodi Qashqais who have a nomadic life style.
Qultuq: This is a village in Kurdestan. Carpets made in this area are included in the Kurdish group. They strongly resemble one another, with Hexagonal medallion, broad borders with geometric flower designs.
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R
Ravar or Lavar: A city in Kerman
Rashid-Farokhy: Mohammad Rashid farokhi from Kerman. This designer had a famous workshop in Ravar Kerman.
Raj
Running dog: A popular name for a small scrolling boarder motif.
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S
Saber: Abbas-Qoli Saber was one of the workshop owners of Mashad.
Safavid Period: 1499-1722 The Safavid Kings patronized master weavers in Iran during their period.
Shadsar: A famous carpet workshop in Kashan.
Shahrokhi: Hashem Khan Shahrokhi was one of the work shop designerand owner of Kerman.
Shah-abbasy design: The basic sketch formed from specially designed flowers. A secondary group of this design contains Afshan, Shaikh-safi, Tree, animal, turreted medallion designs.
Sarafraz: Haj Gholam Reza Sarafraz workshop owner in Hamedan.
Sarab: Patterns of hooked hexagons and lozenges with simple filled ornaments. Knots are Turkish.
Saber: Famous carpet maker in Khurasan Mashed .
Shahsavan: These are nomadic tribes from Turkish descendent. Their patterns are geometric, and the knots are Turkish.
Saujbulag: This group’s patterns include Medallions. Their knots are Turkish
Senneh: The Persian knot is also known as the Senneh Knot. Patterns are Boteh, Herati, Palmattes. Knots are Turkish.
Silk: Produced by the larva of a species of moth commonly called the silkworm.
Sultan-Abad: This is the old Arak which is located in the apex of the Mahallat triangle with many villages contributing to carpet industry. Old and antique Arks are famous in the industry as Sultan-Abad rugs.
Sarough / Saruq: This town is 30 miles north of Arak, and the patterns are different and modern. Knots are Persian.
Signed carpet
Sultan-Abad
Semnan: Floral and Medallion designed carpets. Knots are Persian
Shiraz: It is the inhabitance of Qashqa-i and Khamseh tribes. These carpets have a large design repertoire. The knots are made in the Persian style.
Sirafian: A famous carpet designer of Isfahan
Suf: Carpet of combination flat, and pile weave using a form of metal ,
Sartasary: Allover design
Soumak: This is a type of weft rapping, with wrapping sequences of forward over and back and under in 2-1 ratio, which can be counted. i.e., have one row running right to left, the next row left to right.
Serapy
Shalamzar: A village in fars area
Stripped design or Moharramat: the designs are repeated in narrow strips along the length of a carpet.
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T
Tapestery: A plain weave over single, paired or triple wraps allowing the wefts to be compacted to hide the wraps. The wefts are not continuous from selvedge to selvedge.
Torang-Dar
Takab- Bijar: Similar to urban Bijar’s, and Knots are Turkish.
Tehran: Twisted tendril lattice design with Persian knots.
Tribal: Tribalism is predominantly associated with an organizational form; it is a political means of defining population.
Tribal design: These designs have been influenced by old and noble Persian patterns that were created by native carpet weavers. Their simplicity of life is reflected in their carpet productions. The most famous patterns of this group are Mazlagan, Ferdous, Veis, Sala-Kani, Yaghub-Khani, Ali- Mirzai, Haibatlu. Most tribal designs are geometric.
Tafresh: This town is located at the edge of Hamedan weaving area. Their patterns are mainly Medallions composed of Arabesques. The knots are Persian.
Talfighi
Tree of Life, Tree or shrub design: It is a combination of medallions with the shape of animals and trees. It is believed that this design was originated in Kurdistan in the16, 17 and 18 century. Sub designs
Tree and animal
Floral perfiousion
Vase tree
Cypress tree
Weeping willow
Triclinium
Timo: John Timoyanaki was one of the designers of Arjemand workshop in Kerman
Tabriz: Capital of Azarbaijan, the patterns include medallion carpets of baroque style. Knot are Persian or Turkish
Turkaman
Turky-Baft
Turkaman gol: Ornament of decoration of Turkmen carpets.
Termeh: A flat weave
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V
Varamin: A town near Tehran. The patterns are diverse and knots are Persian.
Vase design or Goldoni: This design was created in the second half of the 16th century. Their group of vase rug designs is generally subdivided to Arabesque design, Serrated leaf, Mehrabi Goldony with repeated panels and multiple medallions. This pattern was initially created in the Josheghan region.
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W
Wraps: Parallel, taut, and longitudinal threads make up the foundation for weaving and setting up the first on the loom, through which the weft passes
Weft: Transverse threads, passed in and out of the wraps to weave the fabric.
Wool: Sheep wool is the basic element of carpet industry.
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Y
Yamut: A villege in Khorassan occupaied by Turkaman tribe
Yalameh: A city near Isfahan
Yazd or Yezd: Yazd formerly Katha, lies at the southern edge of the Kavir desert. Most common designs from this region are the geometrically arranged floral motif.
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Z
Zanjan: A city in Iran
Zel-e-Sultan: Mother goddess figure in carpet design
Zabol: A city in Zahedan
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